Original Article

, Volume: 5( 4)

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Relationships Between Two Gravitationally-Bound Points in Single or Multiple Systems In The Universe

*Correspondence:

Jihai Zhang Sr.Electrinics Designer, Canada, Tel: 613-721-2937; E-mail: z.jihai@gmx.com

Abstract

Supported by real data, this article derives and proves relationships for any two gravitationally-bound objects in single or multiple systems in the universe. These findings have implications for simpler and more accurate calculations in related practical applications [1][2]. Normally, relative error is less than 3.35%.

Keywords

Gravity; Centrifugul force; N body; Gravitational field; Solar system; Exoplanet; Universe

Introduction

Gravitationally-bound objects that orbit a central object (single system) or different central objects (multiple systems) are general phenomena in the universe. It is therefore very meaningful to find the relationships between two gravitationally-bound points in single or multiple systems in the universe.

In this article, the case of the common centre is first discussed (single system examples: planets orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting a planet) and then, the second case of multiple centres with different central masses is discussed (multiple system examples: different moons orbiting different planets).

In these two systems, results show that the relationship between gravity and centrifugal force is the same, however, the relationships between any two gravitationally-bound points are different but convertible, and normally, the maximum relative error is less than 3.35%.

Derivation and Verification

Relationships between two points around the same centre (single system):

Centrifugal force: (1)

then (1b)

Where, m is the mass of an orbiting body.

Gravitation: (2)

Then (2b)

Where, M is the mass of the centre.

(3)

(4)

(5)

When (6)

Or (7)

Then (8)

Following are verifications of equation (7) : using real data.

Verifications between the 8 planets in the Solar System as orbiting satellites and the Sun as the common centre.

Where absolute error (9)

Relative error (10)

Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 show that E1_max is less than 2.11%, due to the source data being averages. The results proved

equation (7): (8).

Table 1. Where V1 and R1 are Earth’s data, V1= 29.78 (km/s), R1=149598023 (km). Note: V1 and R1 can be data from any of the 8 planets (verified and confirmed) [3].

Table 2. Verifications between Jupiter’s 4 moons. Where V1 and R1 are moon Io’s data, V1= 17.334 (km/s) [4], R1=421700 (km) [4]. Note: V1 and R1 can be data from any of the 4 moons (verified and confirmed).

Table 3. Verifications between Saturn’s 4 moons. Where V1 and R1 are moon Mimas’ data, V1= 14.28 (km/s) [8], R1=185539 (km) [8]. Note: V1 and R1 can be data from any of the 4 moons (verified and confirmed).

Relationship Between Two Points Around the Different Centres (Multiple Systems):

There are two kinds of relationships in a multiple system, one is the relationship between any two points around the same centre (single system) and another is the relationship between any two points around different centres (multiple systems). The following discusses relationships found in multiple systems, however the formerly discussed single system relationships are still valid and applied [4-10].

According to equation (3), (11)

Where M₀ is the central mass of single system A, R₀ is the distance from the orbiting point 0 to the centre.

According to equation (4), (12)

Where M₁ is the central mass of single system B, R₁ is the distance from the orbiting point 1 to the centre.

Then (13)

When (14)

Then (15)

When (16)

Then (17)

Following are Verifications Of Equation (16) : Using Real Data( V0 And R0 are Theoretical Data).

Example of detailed calculations between Jupiter’s moon Io and Saturn’s moon Mimas:

Where M₁, V₁ and R₁ are Jupiter’s data and M₀, V₀ and V_x and Rx are Saturn’s data, V₀ and R₀ are Saturn’s theoretical data obtained from real data.

R₁=421700(km)(moon Io)[9], according to equation( 16):

V_x=14.28(km/s)[13], R_x=85539(km)( moon Mimas)[13], according to equation( 7):

then

Table 4 shows that E1_max is 0.00488. The results proved equation (16):

and therefore, equation (8):

Table 4. Verifications between Jupiter’s moon Io, Saturn’s moon Mimas, Uranus’ moon Miranda, Mars’ moon Phobos and Earth’s moon. These moons orbit different centres with different central masses (this multiple system consists of 5 single systems). Note: Although M₁, V₁ and R₁ are Jupiter’s data (M₁=317.8 [3], V₁=17.334 (km/s) [4] and R₁=421700 (km) [4]), these data can be from any of the 5 single systems (verified and confirmed).

Conclusion

(8)

Where, F_c0 and F_c1 are centrifugal forces of any two points around the same or different centres, F_g0 and F_g1 are gravitational forces with distances of R₀ and R₁ to the corresponding centres.

Relationship between two points around the same centre (single system):

(7

Where, V₀ and V₁ are cross-radial velocities with distances of R₀ and R₁ to the centre respectively [Tables 5-7].

Table. 5. calculations of constant k based on the data of the 5 planets and their moons

Table. 6. verification results of equation (17): to calculate the mass of the Sum and error E1 based on the data of the 8 planets and the Sun(M=333000[3]) to confirm k=2.50863E-6.

Table. 7. verification results of equation (17) using exoplanet data( R, T and M), M is real central star mass, M₁ is calculation central star mass, E₁ is Error( max: 3.9%, average: 1.28% ).

Relationship between two points around the different centres (multiple systems):

(16)

Where, M₀ and M₁ are corresponding central masses, V₀ and V₁ are cross-radial velocities with distances of R₀ and R₁ to the centres respectively.

Gravitationally-bound point in single or multiple systems in the universe:

According to (15):

(17)

where unit of M₁ is Earth mass

Where, V₀ and V₁ are cross-radial velocities with distances of R₀ and R₀ to the centre respectively.

Explanation

This article finds and establishes the theoretical/ideal relationships between two gravitationally-bound points in single or multiple systems in the universe, and uses real data to verify the calculation errors (the real statistic impact of the N body issue[1][2], N = 9, 8 planets + Sun) in these relationships. Especially, Equations (7),(16) and (17) are independence in gravity and centrifugal force, (17) is verified and confirmed by real data from both local and exoplanets.

Normally, when the orbit of a gravitationally-bound point approximates a circle, the theoretical/ideal relationships between two gravitationally-bound points can be expressed by equations (7), (8),(16) and (17) with about 3.35% error ( average: 0.6%). The N body issue exists, however, its impact is limited / even negligible.

Equation (8) represents the relationship between gravity and centrifugal force. According to equation (8), gravity and centrifugal force change in the same direction at the same ratio [11-22].

Equation (17) represents the relationship between gravitationally-bound point and central mass. According to equation (17), once we know any two of the factors: cross-radial velocity V1, the central mass M1 or the distance R1, we can calculate the corresponding distance R1 or central mass M1 or cross-radial velocity V1 of a moon, a planet or a star.

Given that k is an universal constant. Now we can use equations (17) to explain why there are many exoplanets orbit their central stars at very high speed V in a very short distance R.

In summary, these findings are properties of gravitational field, prove physical laws are universal and can be used to accurately identify exoplanets.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_problem
2. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Astrodynamics/N-Body_Problem
3. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_%28moon%29
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_%28moon%29
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_%28moon%29
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_%28moon%29
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_%28moon%29
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_%28moon%29
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_%28moon%29
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_%28moon%29
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_%28moon%29
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_%28moon%29
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b
17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_A
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_B
20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_C
21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_436
22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_436_b