Research
, Volume: 11( 8) DOI: 10.37532/2320-6756.2023.11(8).366Modelling the Dynamics of a Probe in Vicinity of Eross-433 with a Fourth Order Polynomial Density Profile
- *Correspondence:
- El haj El ourabi Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team LPMC,
Faculty of Science Ben M’sik, Hassan II University,
Bd Commandant Driss Al Harti, Casablanca, 20670, Morroco
E-mail: elourabis8@gmail.com
Received date: 18-July-2023, Manuscript No. tspa-23-106751; Editor assigned: 20-July-2023, Pre-QC No. tspa-23-106751 (PQ); Reviewed: 03-August-2023, QC No. tspa-23-106751 (Q); Revised: 08-August-2023, Manuscript No. tspa-23-106751 (R); Published: 31-August-2023, DOI. 10.37532/2320-6756.2023.11(8).366
Citation: El Elourabi H, Bennai M. Modelling the Dynamics of a Probe in vicinity of EROSS-433 with a Fourth-Order Polynomial Density Profile. J. Phys. Astron.2023;11(8):366.
Abstract
In the present work, we study the motion of a probe in the gravitational field generated by an elongated geo-cruiser asteroid of irregular shape, which we model by an inhomogeneous mass distribution. We propose a model of inhomogeneous mass distribution with a symmetric polynomial density profile of order 4 and then establish the analytical expression of the gravitational potential generated by this segment. The Lagrangian formalism allowed us to establish the dynamic equations of motion of the probe in the gravitational field generated by this body, which we solved numerically.
Keywords
Potential; Gravitational; Asteroids; Inhomogenous; Distribution; Geocruiser
Introduction
The study of near-Earth asteroids is of great scientific interest because of the impact and potential dangers that these celestial objects represent for our planet. Their collisions with the Earth have occurred throughout the history of our planet and have had profound effects on the biosphere. The NEAR Shomaker (1996) and Hayabusa (2003) missions landed on asteroids and provided invaluable information on their composition. The launch of Osiris-Rex (2016) aimed to collect soil samples from the geo-cruiser asteroid Benou (2020) and the capsule is scheduled to return to Earth in September 2023. The DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission (2022) succeeded in hitting and deflecting the trajectory of the Dimorphos geo-cruiser asteroid with a kinetic impactor. The asteroid belt has a large concentration of rocky and metallic objects and the dynamics in the vicinity of these small celestial objects requires the calculation of the gravitational potential. Among these objects are those with an elongated shape and the modelling of these by a linear mass distribution has generated several attempts. Riaguas A, Elipe A and Lara M calculated the potential generated by a homogeneous segment [1]. Elipe A and Lara M were interested in the dynamic study in the vicinity of the asteroid Eros-433 by exploiting the results of [2,3,1]. Some works have modelled the asteroid Castilia-4769 by a harmonic polyhedron and while others have chosen a ellipsoidal model [4-7]. We have proposed a non-homogeneous model for Eros-433 whose density has a quadratic form, and we have treated the case of an anisotropic ring [8-10]. Other studies have focused on the search for periodic orbits and on the study of liberation points in the vicinity of a rotating segment [11, 12]. Studies have been carried out on a model dealing with a straight segment linked to two masses at its extremities, and which has been improved by an intelligent inversion method using Hopfield (HNN) neurons [13-15]. Our work consists first in modelling the asteroid by an inhomogeneous segment whose density profile is a fourth-order polynomial, then in establishing the analytical expression of the gravitational potential generated by this segment as a function of the density parameters. We then establish the dynamic equations of motion of the probe in the vicinity of the segment. At the end we numerically integrate these equations in order to extract particular orbits for different density shapes.
Dynamic Equations in the Vicinity of the Segment
Consider a segment, of mass M and length 2l, extending along the axis (x’x) of a reference frame R(x,y,z) whose origin O is the
centre of the segment (FIG.1). The mass density profile is given by λ(x)=b−ax2+ cx4 with a, b and c are positive constants related to
the mass of the segment by 
Figure 1: Study coordinates (ρ, θ, x).
Potential generated by the segment
The potential gravitational per unit mass created by this one dimensional body at a certain point P in the space is given by the line integral:
with G is the gravitational constant and dm is the mass element located at the point H of the segment and of abscissa xH, as it is
represented on FIG. 2. We define a new variable of integration 0 ≤ ν ≤ 1 given by 
The distance r is given by [1]:
Figure 2: New coordinates r1 and r2.
where r1 and r2 are the distances between the point P and the ends of the segment. The mass element becomes:
B and C are functions of the position of point P, they are given by:
The equation (3) becomes:
a0 , a1 , a3 and a4 are the constants given by:
After calculation and simplification of equation (6), we establish the analytical form of the potential generated by this inhomogeneous segment:
The coefficients (zi)i are auxiliary functions of the position of point P, their expressions are:
The expression (6) represents the gravitational potential generated by an inhomogeneous segment of mass line density given by λ(x)=b-ax2 +cx4 . The case of a parabolic distribution is obtained by giving a c = 0 and the homogeneous one is obtained by giving a a = c = 0 [8,1].
Equations of motion
The dynamic study of a test particle, of unit mass, placed at the point P where the gravitational field generated by the
inhomogeneous segment prevails, is done in the sidereal reference frame R(O, x, y, z) provided with the cylindrical base as it is
represented in FIG.1. The Lagrangian of the system is given by 
and 
The dynamic equations of motion of the test particle are:
We obtain the case of a parabolic distribution is obtained by injecting c=0 into the equations (7), (8) and (9) [8].
Numerical Examples and Discussions
The resolution of equations (7), (8) and (9) allows describing the dynamic behaviour of the test particle in the area of the inhomogeneous distribution via the coordinates ρ(t), x(t) and θ(t).
A numerical resolution allows, for different initial conditions, to extract equatorial, meridian and three-dimensional orbits.
Study of resulting orbits
The FIG. 3 contains the different profiles of the distribution of the matter along the segment. The FIG.4 to FIG. 10 contains
numerical trajectories in the equatorial plane which is orthogonal to the segment for different initial conditions 
Figure 3: Profile of density λ(x)=b-a×x2+c×x4.
Figure 4: Profile of density λ(x)=2-0.3×x2+x4
Figure 5: Profile of density λ(x)=2-0.3×x2+x4.
Figure 6: Profile of density λ(x)=2-0.3×x2+x4
Figure 7: Model λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+x4
Discussion
We are interested in orbits in the (yOz) plane by fixing 
In this case the motion variables are 
For a density λ(x) =2-0.3×x2+x4 , (FIG.3a):
• We launch the particle with the following initial conditions 
The FIG.4a shows
that for a time of t=50 the test particle gravitates around the segment with a precession. The FIG. 4b shows that for a time
of t=500 the precession continues giving a confined orbit between two circles. ˆ
• The figures FIG.4a, FIG.4c, FIG.4d and FIG.4e show that when we increase the energy of the particle it remains bound to the segment.
For a density λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+x4 , (FIG. 3b):
• We launch the particle with the following initial conditions 
The figures FIG.7a, FIG. 7b, FIG. 7c and FIG. 7d are obtained by increasing the integration time; they show the existence of a very
slow precession giving a confinement state. The FIG.7e is obtained by changing the value of 
• The orbits which are in the FIG. 8 are obtained for different initial conditions.
Figure 8: Model λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+x4
For a density λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+0.8×x4 , (FIG. 3c):
• We launch the particle with the following initial conditions 
The orbits
obtained in FIG. 9 present other types of resonances.
• The orbits in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are obtained for different initial conditions.
Figure 9: Model λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+0.8×x4
Figure 10: Model λ(x)=1-0.2×x2+0.8×x4
Conclusion
In this work, a geo-cruiser has been modelled by a non-homogeneous static segment whose mass density is λ(x)=b-a×x2+c×x4 where a, b and c are coefficients modelling the internal structure of the asteroid. After having established the analytical expression of the gravitational potential generated by this mass distribution we established the equations of motion of the probe in the vicinity of this segment. The numerical resolution of these equations showed the existence of confined orbits for well-defined initial conditions allowing the probe to gravitate indefinitely. Among our perspectives we will treat the case where the segment is uniformly rotated around its major axis of inertia in order to search, in the synodic reference frame, for the existence of equilibrium positions and to study their stability as a function of the parameters a, b and c. Using Poincare’s sections, we will compare the results of our model and that of concerning the chaotic behavior of orbits and the existence of possible bifurcations [9].
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