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, Volume: 9( 8) DOI: 10.37532/2320–6756.2021.9(4).211

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Masses of Celestial Bodies

*Correspondence:

AS. Orlov
Department of Health and Primary Care
Petrozavodsk State University, Robinson Way
Cambridge, UK
E-mail: ion@sampo.ru

Abstract

Abstract

The calculation of the masses of celestial bodies based on the theory of vortex gravity, cosmology, and cosmogony is proposed. Vortex gravity and cosmology is a new model of the emergence and existence of the universe and celestial objects. Based on this theory, the interaction of natural forces can be explained using ordinary physical patterns. The article calculates the actual values of the masses of celestial bodies. The values obtained are two orders of magnitude greater than the generally accepted values.

Keywords

Vortex gravity; Cosmology; Cosmogony; Heavenly mechanics

Introduction

The masses of all celestial bodies are determined based on the theory of world gravity theories. The author of this theory describes the Newton equations [1]. Newton presented the gravitational interaction of two bodies in the equation:

Where, m₁, m₂ the masses of bodies 1 and 2, respectively, G = 6.672 10^-11 Nm²/kg² is the gravitational constant, r is the distance between the bodies.

On the surface of the earth, this equation has the form:

m=the mass of the body, on the surface of the Earth

g=free fall acceleration

F_n=the force of gravity

From the known values of the acceleration of free fall g and G, the Earth's mass Me=5.97 × 10²⁴ kg was determined [2]. The average density of its substance is 5500 kg/m³, which varies from values in the earth's crust-2200 kg/m³ to 13100 kg/m³ in the core of the Earth [3].

In 1915 and 1916 A. Einstein proposed the general theory of relativity [4]. In this theory, Newton's law was considered a special case.

In these theories, the general principle was the hypothesis about the property of a substance (body) to create the force of gravity.

The masses of other celestial bodies were determined based on the third Kepler law [5] taking into account equation (1).

The law of the world Newton (Einstein) has no experimental or theoretical evidence. Therefore, using this law in research, one can get contradictory results. In particular, according to the above method, the masses, and densities of other planets of our solar system, including the Sun, were determined.

The sun has a density of 1410 kg/m³, the force of gravity on the surface F=273.1 m [6]

Saturn-density of 687 kg/m³, gravity force F=10.44 m. [7]

Planet Earth has gravity on the surface less than the indicated celestial bodies, but the average density of the Earth greatly exceeds the density of both the Sun and Saturn. Sealing of anybody, including celestial bodies, occurs under the influence of external forces. These forces can only be attributed to the forces of their gravity. Consequently, neither the Sun nor Saturn can have a density several times less than that of the Earth. In addition, the average density of Saturn is less than the density of water. Then on the surface, the density of these celestial bodies must be equal to the density of the gas. This is an absurd conclusion. Such contradictions appeared within the framework of the theory of universal gravity. Three hundred years ago, Newton's hypothesis was imposed on the world of scientists that bodies create the force of gravity. All scientists, in their calculations, were based on this erroneous concept. Therefore, the results of these studies were erroneous. Newton himself was not sure about the gravitational properties of bodies (matter). He expressed that the cause of attraction may be a change in density in the space environment. But he could not find a scientific justification for this assumption.

The author's theory of vortex gravity, cosmology, and cosmogony are free from this contradiction. On this basis, it is possible to determine the true masses of celestial bodies. The next chapter proposes the basic principles of the theory of vortex gravity.

Theory of Vortex Gravitation, Cosmology and Cosmogony

The theory of vortex gravity is based on the well-known astronomical fact-all celestial objects rotate. In the vortex gravity model, the condition is accepted that this rotation is inertial and was caused by the rotation of the ether. Ether is a cosmic, gaseous, extremely low dense substance. Ether forms in the world space a system of interconnected vortices. The orbital velocities of the ether in each vortex (torsion) decrease in the direction from the center to the periphery. Velocities decrease by the law of the inverse square of this deletion. According to the laws of aerodynamics the lower the flow velocity, the greater the pressure in it. The pressure gradient generates a pushing force towards the zones with the lowest pressure, that is, towards the center of this torsion. Thereby, in the center of the torsion, the cosmic substance is accumulated or created, from which a celestial body is generated.

Let us consider the vortex gravity equation obtained in the theory FIG.1 [8].

The forces are shown acting on body 2: F_c the centrifugal force, F_n the force of attraction of body 2 from body 1; v₂ linear velocity of body 2 at the orbit, R the radius of the orbit, r₁ the radius of body 1, r₂ the radius of body 2, w₁ the angular velocity of ether rotation at the surface of body 1, and m₂ are the mass of body 2.

Next, we consider the appearance of the attraction force in more detail and derive a formula describing it. As was said above, a pressure gradient arises as to the result of the vortex motion. Let’s find the radial distribution of the pressure and the ether velocity. For this purpose, we write the Navier-Stokes equation for the motion of a viscous liquid (gas).

where ρ is the ether density, and P are, respectively, its velocity and pressure, and η the ether viscosity. In cylindrical coordinates, taking into account the radial symmetry v_r=v_z=0, v_j=v_j=v(r), P=P(r) , the equation can be written as the system:

After transformations, an equation is obtained to determine the gravity forces in the ether’s vortex:

with the following relationship where

V_n is the volume of nucleons in the body, which is in a torsion orbit with a radius of -r .

ρ= 8.85 x 10-12 kg / m3 - density of ether [4]

V_e = the speed of the ether in the orbit r

r = the radius of the considered ether-vortex orbit

Replace in equation (5) the volume of nucleons on their mass, using the well-known relationship:

where

ρ ~10¹⁷ kg/m³ density of nucleons, constant for all atoms.

m=the mass of nucleons in the body

Substituting (6) into (5) we get:

In aerodynamics, the dependence of pressure in a gas (ether) P on its velocity w is represented by the equation:

P₀ =the ether pressure at the surface

Using the boundary condition b P(∞) = P_b , we find that

P_b=free ether pressure

FIG.2 graphically illustrates the pressure distribution according to formula (8).

By the laws of ether dynamics, [9] in the free state of ether (at rest) has a pressure of P_b=2.10³²

Note 1. Using the vortex gravity equation (7), it is possible to calculate the gravitational forces that act only in the plane of the torsion or in its center. These equations are reliable for calculating the forces of gravity both above the surface and inside celestial bodies. To determine the attractive forces in remote orbits of torsions, the author's article “Gravitation-flat power field” [10] presents the calculation of the gravity equation in a three-dimensional model.

Note 2. Ether consists of super-small particle-gamers, which freely penetrate any substance, except super dense bodies-nucleons.

Determination of The Mass of Heavenly Body

The mass (M) of any is determined by multiplying its volume (V) by its density (ρ).

The density of a substance is directly proportional to the force of compression that acts on this substance. Celestial bodies are compressed by static pressure under the influence of the forces of their gravity. Based on the law of world attraction (Newton), it is assumed that in the center of the planets or stars the gravitational force decreases to zero. The density in the upper layers (in the crust) of our planet is known, it is 2200 kg/m³-2900 kg/m³. When immersed, it increases. In the center, in the core of the Earth, the density was assumed to be 1.31 × 104 kg/m³ [11]. The classical values of the density of the nuclei of celestial bodies raise great doubts. Static (technical) pressure in the center of the Earth in modern science is calculated to be 3.7 kgs/m² ×10¹⁰ kgs/m² [12]. That is the pressure in the center of the Earth increases a million times, and the density of a substance increases only by one order of magnitude compared with the surface layer of the earth. This discrepancy arises from the fact that the usual physical laws are trying to combine with the unproven, empirical equation of universal gravity. Newton's equation obliges researchers to accept the Earth’s average density of 5,500 kg/m³. At other density values, there will be another mass of the Earth, which does not correspond to Newton's equation.

According to the theory of vortex gravity, the forces of attraction are not created by bodies. Therefore, the gravitational force of a celestial body does not depend on the mass of this body. The density and mass of celestial bodies can be calculated using the classical, physical laws-the more strongly the substance is compressed, the denser it is. The force of compression of the substance of celestial bodies creates only the force of gravity. Since the force of gravity increases towards the center of the torsion (the planet), the density of matter must also increase in proportion to the force of compression.

Based on the theory of vortex gravity, vortex flows rotate not only above the surface of planets or stars but also inside celestial bodies. Therefore, inside a celestial body, the gravitational force increases along with the same dependence as above the surface of this body. That is, inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the center of the celestial body.

In the earth's crust, rocks were formed not on the surface of the planet, but inside the earth's body. As a result of excessive pressure, the molten earth masses were squeezed, through the vents of volcanoes, onto the surface of the Earth [13]. Hardened lava formed the lithosphere on the outer layers of the Earth. The cooled lithosphere is a hard rock. It has a stable crystalline structure and can withstand the pressure of the overlying layers without compaction, to a certain depth. With an increase in the depth of the earth layers, the pressure on these layers increases. There is a destruction of bonds in crystals and atoms approach each other. In this pressure range, the synthesis of new materials is possible. They are stable under normal conditions, with new properties.

Example: at a depth of 30 kilometers, silicon oxide - a quartz mineral with a density of 2650 kg/m³ under a powerful pressure lying above the thickness turns into a denser modification of silicon oxide-with a density of 2910 kg/m³, graphite with a density of 2230 kg/m³, under high pressure of 108 kg/m², is converted into diamond, with a density of 3510 kg/m³ [14].

Thus, to change the structure of a substance during compression, the condition must be met the force applied to it must exceed the strength of the interatomic bonds of the molecules or the strength of the crystal lattice. The result is the destruction of crystalline and interatomic bonds and the transition of a substance into an amorphous state. Then the substance will consist of individual atoms. With a further increase in the depth of deposition, the interatomic space in the compressed planetary substance will be reduced to a minimum. Atoms are touching. The substance is converted into plasma. The temperature of the substance rises. The density of a substance grows and reaches such values when not only atoms but also the nuclei of these atoms get closer. In the center of the planet (stars), they merge into a single nucleus, with a maximum density equal to the density of nucleons ρ_i= 1017 kg/m³ [15].

Based on the above, for calculating the density of terrestrial rocks should adopt the following scheme:

• in the earth's crust (h_l~30 km) the density of the earth's substance is constant and does not exceed ρ₀ ~ 2650 kg / m³,

• the pressure force at the depth hl has the value p=2650 × 3 × 104 × 9.8=7.8 n/m² × 10⁸ n/m²

• below the mark of 30 km the terrestrial substance is in the form of magma without crystalline bonds.

• in the core of a celestial body, the density is constant and equal to the density of the nucleus of an atom

•

• Each underlying layer becomes denser under the influence of static pressure from the overlying layers (inversely proportional to the distance to the center of the planet), terrestrial, vortex gravity (inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the center of the Earth) [16].

Therefore, the density of the terrestrial substance increases by the following equation [17]:

where

ρ_i = the density at the investigated depth,

ρ₀ = 2650 kg / m³ the maximum density of the crust,

r_e = radius of a celestial body (Earth)

r_i = distance from the center of the celestial body to the reservoir under study.

r_с = radius of the bark sole

Based on equations (9) and (10), we determine the masses of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon

To find the mass, we integrate over the radius of the planet with partial sums in the form [18]:

where

r_n - the radius of the core of a celestial body

Then the mass is calculated by equation (11) the integral will look like this:

In equation (11):

m_c - the mass of the bark of a celestial body

m_n - the mass of the nucleus of celestial bodies.

The density of the nuclei of celestial bodies is constant and it is ρ_n= 10¹⁷ kg/m³. Then the masses of these nuclei are determined:

where

V_n - core volume of a celestial body

The radius of the nuclei of celestial bodies (r_n) is determined from equation (10) by substituting into it the values ρ_i=ρ_n=1017kg/ m³ , r₀=2.65×103 kg/m³ and the radius of the celestial body r_e. Then the radius of the nucleus will be equal to r_n=r_i, and the volume of the nucleus:

The masses of nuclei are added to the masses of the corresponding celestial bodies in TABLE. 1.

TABLE.1. Physical characteristics of celestial bodies [19].

mc, ρ_c - generally accepted masses and densities of celestial bodies,

mv, ρ_v - mass and density of bodies according to the calculation (equation 11),

ρ_r/2- density at a depth equal to half the radius of a celestial body.

Conclusion

It can be estimated that in most cases the results obtained for samples of industrial and artisanal coconut oil were higher than the standards established by resolution number 482, of 09/23/1999, of the Brazilian National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance- ANVISA, where it can have negative effects on the quality of the oil, to the point of being unfit for human consumption.

The artisanal extraction method does not interfere in the physicochemical properties; since independent of the methodology adopted these parameters remain within the limits stipulated by the current legislation for cold-pressed and unrefined oils. However, the analyzes made of coconut oil were extremely important to be able to refer to this oil, as its studies are still scarce and controversial in the literature. It is important to note that coconut oil is denominated as extra virgin because it has an acid value of less than 0.5%. In addition, the saturated fat content of coconut oil is similar to that of human milk, which means that it is easily digested, generating energy quickly and beneficial effect on the immune system.

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