Original Article

, Volume: 13( 1)

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Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Peel Extract of Raphanus sativus L.

*Correspondence:

Al-Mashhedy LAM , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq, Tel: 030-249551; E-mail: dr.lamia71@yahoo.com

Abstract

In present study, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using peel Raphanus sativus L extract that acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The AgNPs formation was observed as a color change of the mixture from red to dark-brownish we have developed a green synthetic method for silver nanoparticles using peel of R. sativus extract. Silver Nanoparticle prepared were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The best Condition of experiments includes temperature 50°C, pH 9, time 0.5 h, sliver nitrate concentration 1 mM and mixing ratio of the reactant on sliver nanoparticles synthesis 5:95. The AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance at 430 nm, size ranges from 34 nm to 50 nm determined by using a laser particle size analyzer (DLS).

Keywords

Peel of Raphanus sativus L; Silver nanoparticles AgNPs; X-ray diffraction (XRD); Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Dynamic light scattering (DLS)

Introduction

Nanoparticles can be prepared by different approaches like chemical and photochemical reactions, thermal decomposition, electrochemical [1] and also by biological methods. The chemical methods expended for the synthesis of nanoparticles are too expensive and involve the use of toxic, dangerous chemicals that are responsible for various biological risks [2]. As easily as the synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing plants or veggies and their selections can be advantageous to another synthesis. The vegetable itself acts as a reducing and capping agent within the synthesis method [3,4].

In the present investigation the peel of Raphanus sativus. L (Radish) was used to synthesize the silver nanoparticle. The radish is an eaten root vegetable of the cruciferae family. It is originally from Europe and Asia [5]. It contains many important vegetables of economic importance. The aqueous extract of the roots showed antimutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 [6]. In the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in silver nanoparticles on account of the antimicrobial properties that they display [7]. They are even being projected as future generation antimicrobial agents [8]. Use of plants to synthesize the silver nanoparticle will provide an enhanced platform and it is free from toxic chemicals and provides natural capping agents [9]. Moreover, use of plant extracts also reduces the cost of microorganism’s isolation and culture media enhancing the cost competitive feasibility over nanoparticles synthesis by microorganisms [10]. The synthesis of sliver nanoparticals was characterized silver nano particles (AgNps) have received enormous attention of the researchers due to their extraordinary defense against a wide range of microorganisms and also due to the appearance of drug resistance against commonly used antibiotics [11]. Its application in various fields like biomedical [12], drug delivery [13], water treatment [14], agriculture etc. [15]. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectrophotometer, XRD, SEM, and DLS [16].

Experiment

Collection of the plant

Peel of R. sativus were collected from local markets, Babylon city – Iraq roots of Raphanus sativus. L washed in taped water and then removed the nutshell from roots, dried in shade at room temperature for 7 days, grinding in blender then become powder. Figure. 1 shows the plant of R. sativus L.

Preparation of R. sativus extract

One gram of peel R. sativus. L dissolved in 100 ml deionized water at room temperature and shaking by a magnetic stirrer for one hour. The aqueous cold extract was filtered using filter paper. The filtered extract was stored in the refrigerator to use.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Silver nitrate aqueous solution (1 mM) was prepared and used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. 5 ml of aqueous extract of Raphanus sativus. L was added to 95 ml of aqueous solution of 1 mM AgNO₃ and heated with stirrer at 50°C for 30 min.

Optimization of the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles

The synthesis was carried out at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C). To examine the optimal time for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the reaction mixture was monitored from 0 to 35 min. In addition, the effect of volume was monitored by varying the volume ratio of AgNO₃ to R. sativus root extract. The concentrations of reacting AgNO₃ to peel extract aqueous of R. sativus ranged from 0.25 Mm to 3 mM, pH (4, 6, 8, 9, 11) and the ratio of mixing (10:90, 5:95, 2.5:97.5, 1:99 and 0.5:99.5). The electronic absorption spectra of the silver nanoparticles under each reaction condition were recorded by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The pH was adjusted by using 0.1 N HNO₃ and 0.1 N NaOH.

Characterization of silver nanoparticles

The bioreduction of the Ag⁺ to AgO was monitored using (PD-303 UV) at different wavelength (200 nm to 800 nm). The crystallinity of the silver nanoparticles was examined using an X-ray Diffraction meter with Shimadzu XRD-6000 AS (3K. NOPC) after cooling centrifuge 6000 rpm for 15 min.

Moreover characterization was done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It is a type of electron microscope that images a sample by scanning it with a beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern. The electrons interact with the molecules that form up the sample producing signals that carry information about the samples surface topography and composition. SEM measurement was performed on INSPECT S50 FEI company and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is an important technique used to investigate the size distribution pattern and average particle size of the biosynthesis AgNPs present in suspension or solution [17]. The prepared sample was dispersed in deionized water followed by ultrasonication. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were carried out on ABT-9000 Nano particle size analyzer.

Results and Discussion

Characterization of silver nanoparticles

Color change: AgNPs were successfully synthesis from the aqueous silver nitrate solution using R. sativus color reaction indicates to formation of AgNPs. The color was changed from crimson to dark brown (Figure. 2)after 30 min. This color change indicates the formation of AgNPs [18].

UV-Visible spectral analysis: UV-VIS spectroscopy almost used to detect the presence of AgNPs through green syntheses [19,20]. In particular, absorbance in the range of 420 nm to 450 nm has been used as an indicator to confirm the reduction of Ag⁺ to metallic AgO [19,21]. Figure 3 shows the UV absorption spectra of the synthesized AgNPs using an extract of R. sativus roots. The redaction of AgNO₃ into NPs was showing an absorbance sharp peak at around 430 nm with high absorbance which is very specific of silver nanoparticles.

Influence of temperature and time: The graphs (Figure 4) showed the UV–Vis absorption of silver nanoparticles obtained from peel R. sativus extract. The spectra were recorded at 30°C, 50°C and 60°C with varying reaction time. In this temperature used colored of nanoparticles change from crimson to dark brown with 15-30 min (Figure. 5). The reaction was monitored for 0.5 h using UV–Visible spectrophotometer. It was discovered that the absorption intensity increased with an increase in the response time. These properties of nanoparticles due to agitation of surface plasmon vibration in silver nanoparticles synthesis [22]. Temperature from 30°C, 50°C and 60°C as used nanoparticles decreased [23], formation of silver nanoparticles at 30°C has confirmed the ability of R. sativus aqueous extract to reduce silver ion and stability it. The initial of silver nanoparticles formation was faster at 30°C, the synthesis at higher temperature 50°C and observed in 30°C.

The absorbance decrease when increase the time of storage and the intensity of color increase after 1-2 days of storage [24]. The effect of time of storage is shown in Figure. 6.

Influence of silver ion concentration variation: Figure 7 shows the effect of silver nitrate concentration in the silver nanoparticles synthesis by using peel of R. sativus extract. In this study, it was found the intensity increases as the concentration of silver ion increases with the peak in all the different concentrations (0.25 Mm to 1 mM) at 430 nm. The increase in particle size at higher concentrations gave rise to increase in the intensity of the spectrum [25].

Effect of pH: Research study includes the issue of pH on nanoparticles biosynthesis at five different pHs (4, 6, 8, 9, 11). Effect of pH described by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer spectra, as shown in Figure. 8 pH 4 and 6 exhibited flat absorption spectra or there is no spectral photometry peak was formed at acidic condition it refer that no biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles [26] and from the Figure. 8 observed when pH of the mixture increase or covert to alkaline it become more suitable to biosynthesis of sliver nanoparticles. Higher peak shown at pH 9 [27]. The explanation for the alkaline case to be suitable it would be because alkaline hydroxide gets deposited on sliver nanoparticles and this agreed with Oza et al. [28].

PH capping agents, reducing particles and this also agree with sathishkunub et al. [29] observed small and stable nanoparticles at alkaline pH.

Wavelength (nm)

Effect of volume ratio silver nitrate and R. sativus extract: The benefit of change in volume of silver nitrate to R. sativus aqueous roots extract was exhibited (Figure. 9). The reaction has been done at the optimum temperature and time. Different volume ratios varied from 10:90, 5:95, 2.5:97.5, 1:99 and 0.5:99.5 of 1 mM silver nitrate to R. sativus aqueous root extract, respectively, were used. From the UV–Vis spectrum (Figure 3b), it was observed that at 0.5 parts of 1 mM silver nitrate solution to 95.5 part of R. sativus aqueous roots extract (0.5:95.5) [30], the roots extract reduced and stabilized the nanoparticles with the plasmon resonance at 430 nm. Other volume ratios used did not give more variable characteristics SPR for silver nanoparticles at the visible region of the UV–Vis spectrum Figure 9.

X- Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis: XRD pattern was obtained for silver nanoparticles (Figure. 10) shows a characteristic peak (at 2θ = 37.27°, 46.31°, 55.44° and 76.23°).

Analysis through Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer confirmed the presence of the elemental signal of the silver and homogenous distribution of silver nanoparticles (Figure. 10). The vertical axis displays the number of X-ray counts while the horizontal axis displays energy in Kev. Identification lines for the major emission energies for Ag were displayed and these correspond to peaks in the spectrum, thus giving confirmation that silver has been correctly identified and present in the solution [31]. The extra diffraction sharp first peak in the XRD pattern is due to the crystallization of bioorganic phase in the plant extract [32,33].

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis: Particle size can be determined by measuring the random changes in the intensity of light scattered from solution, DLS is most commonly used to analyze nanoparticles.

Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM): The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles was tested by using (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis measure size shape and distribution of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Figure. 11 showed type of the size of particles is spherical in shape, ranged 34 nm to 50 nm. The big size in nanoparticles was explained the accumulation of these particles is a result of presence cell components of surface of nanoparticles act as covering its [34,35]. SEM image explains interaction between bioorganic covering molecule bond to AgNPs [36], stabilization of nanoparticles due to covering agent [32] (Figure. 12).

Conclusion

Green chemistry approach towards the synthesis of nanoparticles has many advantages such as, ease with which the process can be scaled up and economic viability. We have developed a fast, ecofriendly and convenient method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from peel R. sativus extract with a diameter range of 34 nm to 50 nm. These particles are mono dispersed and spherical. A color change occurs due to surface plasmon resonance during the reaction with the ingredients present in the plant root extract resulted in the formation of silver nanoparticles, which is confirmed by UV–VIS, XRD, SEM and DLS, having an average mean size of 34 nm to 50 nm had FCC structure. Green synthesis provides an economic, eco- friendly, and clean synthesis root to AgNPs.

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